The benefit to the SNIP 2.08.01-89 - Heating and ventilation of residential buildings

allowance to SNIP 2.08.01-89 - Heating and ventilation of residential buildings

Central Scientific Research
and Design Experimental Institute of Engineering
urban equipment, residential and public buildings
(CNIIEP engineering equipment) Goskomarhitektury

Handbookto snip

series founded in 1989

HEATING OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

MOSCOW

Stroyizdat

1990

Recommended to edition section heating , ventilation and conditioning air Scientific - technical Council CNIIEP engineering equipment Goskomarhitektury

INTRODUCTION

The manual is designed in accordance with SNIP 2.08.01-89 Residential buildings.Installed SNIP parameters of the microclimate in residential homes and air-temperature conditions are determined not only the work of heating and ventilation systems, and architectural planning and design solutions of these buildings, as well as thermal characteristics of frame structures.In addition to the above, in residential buildings, a great influence on the climate have particular operating tenants of apartments.The combination of these factors determines the operating costs and the level of heat-air thermal comfort.With this in mind, the organization and management of the maintenance of air and thermal regime in residential buildings is a complex task.However, the current system of regulations, specialized on specific topics of design, does not account for this complexity.

Design of heating and ventilation systems in accordance with the requirements of SNIP 2.04.05-86.It uses reference books to the SNIP, directories, reference and other literature, which contains methods for calculating the thermal and hydraulic systems, guidelines for their design, characteristics of the equipment.These documents focused on professionals in the design heating and ventilation systems, affect not the whole range of issues to ensure the rated air-thermal regime in residential buildings with a minimum consumption of thermal energy.Therefore, in the preparation of this Manual focuses on the issues most often arise from designers and reflects not only the lack of clarity of certain provisions of the regulation, but in some cases there is no understanding of the importance of various elements of residential buildings in their air-heat mode.

Manual developed CNIIEP Goskomarhitektury engineering equipment (the candidate tehn. Sciences AZ Ivyansky Pavlinova and IB).

1. STRUCTURAL-planning decisions RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

1.1. Air-thermal conditions in the premises is one of the main factors determining the level of comfort of residential buildings.Unsatisfactory microclimate makes them unfit for habitation.

1.2. Optimizing air heat apartments regime requires their isolation from adjacent spaces in order to minimize the amount of overflowing air.

air flow into the apartment from the adjacent apartments and (or) the staircase is one of the main reasons for reducing the effectiveness of the ventilation system and lead to an unsatisfactory state of air quality in homes.With this in mind, the construction part of the project of a residential building must be provided planning, design and technological solutions that minimize the possibility of overflow of air through the doors in the apartment, place fillets walling, passage through these utilities and others.

1.3. Experience shows that operation of modern residential buildings of mass building, one of the most common causes subcooling heat transfer facilities at the design of the heating system is actually an understatement of resistance to air permeability of the window filling against regulated SNIP II-3-79 ** for the intended project window design.This understatement is due to the poor quality of manufacturing window units;defective sealing of window units in the wall panel;lack of sealing gaskets arches or mismatch project, etc.

To exclude subcooling premises of houses at low outside temperatures as a result of the marked above factors it is recommended to conduct random field tests of the windows in order to determine their actual resistance to air permeability characteristic of a specific building area, for example by the method of full-scale testing of ventilation of houses CNIIEP engineering equipment.

1.4. Dimensions skylights determine not only the calculated heat loss of premises, but also the thermal conditions in them due to the negative radiation and flowing streams of cold air in the winter and heat - in the summer.Therefore, you should aim for the minimum acceptable size skylights of natural lighting conditions, but no more than in proportion to the square of their respective floor area space of 1: 5.5.

1.5. When choosing constructive solutions attic advantage should be given for each section warm attics used as a plenum natural ventilation system.Open loft with the release of exhaust air in them require further research and structural improvement, and for use in mass housing construction is not currently recommended.In buildings with less than 5 stories, that the warm attic impractical device, exhaust channels must go directly to the mines that appear above the roof level.

1.6.Zoning flats associated with increased number of utilities, resulting in increased material consumption and operating costs.The presence of exhaust channels in different places apartments significantly reduces the reliability and efficiency of a natural ventilation system.

1.7. Junction lavatories and ventblokov to the outer walls of apartments makes it difficult to ensure satisfactory humidity conditions in the sanitary areas and requires special solutions to increase the temperature of their enclosures to be developed and tested in large-scale construction.

1.8. planning solutions apartments in terms of organization ventilation should preferably be implemented to avoid horizontal ducts within the apartment;to provide direct air from the kitchen, bathroom and toilet in ventblok;provide access to ventblokam during installation, as well as for inspection and sealing joints during operation.

1.9. in the basement and ground floors of apartment buildings and dormitories with heating systems, to connect to networks of district heating, heat loss at design buildings for the heating season 1000 GJ or more is necessary to provide space for the placement of individual heat point (ITP).ITP

room should have a height (clean) is not less than 2.2 m, in the passageways thereto attendants - not less than 1.9 m;should be separated from other rooms have a door opening outwards, lighting.The floor must have a concrete or tiled floor with a slope of 0.005.The ITP floor should be installed ladder, and when it is impossible to arrange gravity drainage drainage pit dimensions 0,5'0,5'0,8 m overlapping removable grille.For pumping water from the pit should be installed sump pump in the sewage system.

calculated heat loss of the building during the heating period is recommended to determine, in accordance with Sec.2 of this Manual.

1.10. Application niches kitchens with mechanical exhaust ventilation shall be allowed only in residential buildings, all the apartments that are equipped with a mechanical extractor.

1.11. device loggia Floor outlets from the stairway involve significant additional consumption of heat and is not recommended if it is not connected with the fire safety requirements.

1.12. When the feasibility study constructive solutions attic, in addition to traditional factors should also be considered in the cost of insulation placed in their utilities and their operation.

2. calculate the heat loss

2.1. calculated heat loss recoverable heating, must be determined from the heat balance.The heat balance of a residential building as a whole and each of the heated premises are out of the equation

Q tr + Q in + Q c.o + Q ins + Q life = 0, (1)

where Q tr - transmission heat loss through the building of the fence (space); Q in - heating costs heat outdoor air infiltration volume or sanitary norms; Q sd - thermal capacity of the heating system, which is the desired value in the determination of the heat balance; Q ins - heat gain due to solar radiation; Q Life - the total heat gain at the expense of internal sources of heat, with the exception of the heating system (to household conditionally apply heat from the electrical and lighting fixtures, stoves, wiring pipes hot water and direct consumption of hot water, the people in the apartment).

2.2. calculation of transmission heat loss through the exterior building envelope is done by adj.8, SNIP 2.04.05-86.This calculated temperature premises trasch be adopted in accordance with SNIP 2.08.01-89 Residential buildings.

2.3. When calculating the heat transmission through the inner fence of residential buildings should take into account the heat transfer:

a) through the attic floor in houses with a warm attic;

b) through the ceiling above unheated basements and cellars (including when placing them in heat conductors);

c) through the inner enclosure staircase (including nezadymlyaemoy).

This n is assumed to be 1.

air temperature in the cellars (subfields) and warm attics should be determined from the heat balance of the premises (in the preparation of the heat balance of warm attic can be used for the design of reinforced concrete recommendations roofs with a warm attic forhigh-rise residential buildings / TSNIIEPzhilishcha, 1986).

After determining the temperature of claim. and and used for given building construction should check compliance with the rated values ​​Dtn according to Table.2 SNIP II-3-79 ** Thermal Engineering.

not normalized the calculated temperature in stairwells with one flat houses.

2.4. consumption of heat for heating the outside air entering the room is determined twice:

a) based on the number of infiltrating outdoor air through leaks fences;

b) on the basis of sanitary norms ventilating air 3 m3 / h per 1 m2 of floor living rooms.

For the living rooms of the two values ​​obtained are taking great for kitchens -. According to claim and .

2.5. heat consumption Qi , W for heating infiltrating air is determined by the formula

Qi = 0,28 S Gikic ( tp - ti ), (2)

where Gi - numberinfiltrating air kg / h through the space enclosure defined by the formula (4); with - specific heat of air, equal to 1 kJ / (kg × ° C); ki - taking into account the impact of the coefficient of heat flow in a counter-structures adopted by adj.9 to the SNIP 2.04.05-86; tp , ti - design temperature, ° C, indoor and outdoor air in the cold season (parameters B).

Calculation of heat consumption for heating infiltrating air for all areas of residential buildings (including stairwells, elevator lobbies, floor corridors), taking into account the generalized results of field tests of the various elements of fences on the air permeability and the results of the machine account (in tabular form), can be carried outmaterials CNIIEP engineering equipment.

2.6. consumption Q heat in, W to heat the sanitary standards of ventilation air is determined by the formula

Q in = ( tp - ti ) A paragraph, (3)

where A n- floor area of ​​the dwelling, m2.

2.7. number of infiltrating into the room air S Gi , kg / h, should be determined by the formula *

* Interpretation of (3) adj.9 SNIP 2.04.05-86 for residential buildings.

(4)

where A1, A2 - square windows, respectively (balcony doors) and external doors, m2, l - the length of the joints of wall panels, m; R 1 and 2 R - resistance to air permeability respectively windows (h × m2 (daPa) 2/3 / kg) and doors (h × m2 (daPa) 0.5 / kg);determined by the SNIP II-3-79 ** (10 mgr.) and SNIP 2.04.05-86 (Annex 9.) or on the results of field tests;Dp - calculated pressure difference between the outer and inner surfaces of the outer fences premises daPa;Dp1et - pressure difference Dp determined for building 1st floor, daPa.

2.8. For residential buildings with natural ventilation system calculated the difference Dp pressure is according to the formula *

Dp = ( H w - hi ) ( ri - 1,27) + 0,05 ri v2 ( Cl , and ki - Cl, n k w), (5)

where H w - the height of the mouth of the mine from the ground level, m; hi - height from the ground to the center calculated space, m; v - wind speed, take adj.7 and in accordance with SNIP 2.04.05-86 3.2 m / s.; ri - ambient air density, kg / m3, which is defined by the formula

* Interpretation of (4) adj.9 SNIP 2.04.05-86 for residential buildings.

ri = 353 / (273 + ti ), (6)

where ti - outdoor temperature in the parameters B or A (see section 3.2 SNIP 2.04.05-86..), FROM; Cl , and Cl and , n - aerodynamic coefficients, respectively, for upwind and downwind surfaces building fences, take, in accordance with SNIP 2.01.07-85 equal to +0.8 and -0.6; ki and k co - factors account for changes in wind speed pressure depending on the height;respectively, to take the calculated member and the mouth of the mine on SNIP 2.01.07-85.

In the formula (5) takes into account the loss of pressure in the air ducts at rated flow rate of the exhaust air.

2.9. In accordance with para. 3.1 of SNiP 2.04.05-86 household heat Qbyt should be considered for living rooms and kitchens of 21 W per 1 m2 of floor space.

2.10. heat gain due to solar radiation Q ins is not recommended to be taken into account in the heat balance in determining the calculated heating load.Overheating due to insolation premises should be removed by pofasadnogo regulation of heating systems (see. Sec. 3).

2.11. heat consumption, GJ for heating period S Q find the expression

(7)

where Q - calculated heat flow heated building (facade); tp - design temperature of indoor air, ° C;- Average during the heating season the outside air temperature, ° C, taken on SNIP 2.01.01-82; ti - design outdoor temperature (options B ), ° C; n - the number of days of the heating season (the length of time an average daily air temperature 8 ° C £), take the SNIP 2.01.01-82.

with a sufficient degree of accuracy can be taken

( tp -) / ( tp - ti ) = 0,5.

2.12. In connection with the transition to 01/01/88 the calculation of the ventilation component heat from the outdoor air parameters A on the parameters B pending approval of the new benchmarks of heat consumption for heating of residential buildings is recommended to take previously approved Gosgrazhdanstroem targets a step-up ratio of 1,15.

2.13. In determining the specific thermal performance of residential buildings total area is taken as the sum of the areas of heated space.

3. HEATING

3.1.1;