Types of foundations and their application

In order to start any major construction, it is necessary to determine the type of foundation on which will be the object.This choice depends on many factors: the type of building, material of the walls, floors, soil properties, depth groundwater, the project funding.In order to make the right choice, you need to know what are the types of foundations and their application.

Review classic types of foundations

Even in ancient times people have noticed that the construction of buildings must be carried out on a solid and lasting basis.Depending on the natural conditions of the area in each region developed its own traditions on the device foundation.To our time, humanity uses several kinds of bases, both in private and in a large industrial building.These include:

• Stolbchaty.
• Belt, which is monolithic and prefabricated.
• slab.
• Pile.

They all have their own characteristics and applications.Everyone has, both advantages and disadvantages, it is necessary to know that all who are planning to do any major construction of the object.

Columnar types of foundation

If you plan to build a wooden or frame house with a light structure, which will not be a basement, then this kind of foundation seems most appropriate.A significant advantage is its low cost compared with other species.After all the material it takes less than all, and labor costs are small.From ancient times, the foundation used to build houses of logs and lumber.On poles placed first carrier number of log beams and ceilings.

By construction pier foundation is divided into wood and stone (brick).The foundation of the tree has been popular for centuries in regions where there are forests with massive trees.Today it is also possible to use, for example, for the construction of a country house in order to save money.To make such posts is not difficult.To do this, dig open pits, in which a vertically mounted wooden chairs made of pine or oak butt diameter of at least 25 cm. In this case, the butt should be turned down.

For greater stability, the lower part of columns often rests on the firm foundation of a different make or additional reinforcements.From this reference area increases, making this a more reliable foundation.In use as a support structure or a concrete slab in the form of a tree with cross braces.In some cases this support is made of liquid concrete.To this solution was immersed in a column of 15 cm., And is fixed vertically.After solidification of the monolith column will hold "firmly".Wooden spider is done by binding crosswise two bars length of 70 cm. Connect it with a pillar finger jointed for extra strength.

number of seats depends on the area and erected the structure of the building mass.In any case, they must be placed at the corners and at the intersection with the load-bearing walls.Additional columns do, if necessary, based on the weight of the structure each ton one support column with an area of ​​not less than 490 mm2, if the normal soil bearing capacity 2 kg / cm2.Columns in the pit in layers covered with sand and tamped.For a long life, wooden structures burned and coated with tar or mining.

have wooden poles have a significant drawback - it is their fragility.No measures will not allow to use wood foundation for decades.If the device pier foundation to use brick or stone, then this deficiency can be successfully avoided.The device pier foundation stone by means of rubble.At the same time, it made mandatory ligation sutures.The filler used granite stones, brick fight or crushed stone.The clutch is made of brick, iron ore.Neutral red and silica brick for this purpose is not used, as it is destroyed by moisture.In an extreme case, for him to do a good waterproofing.

If you have started the construction in wetlands, then it will be impossible to build or wood or stone foundation.In this case, the output will be the installation of precast pier foundation.Elements of such a foundation made in advance by bonding the hard concrete pillar with a flat base.Sami make concrete poles with fittings.You can also set the asbestos pipe, which are filled with reinforcement from scraps of old pipes or wire and filled with concrete.Their surface is coated with bitumen.To apply fill cement brand M300 and M400.In place of such a foundation can be done by drilling boreholes and wide loading the tubes followed by pouring of concrete.

arrange columnar types of foundations should be in dry soils.They are not suitable for areas where there is a significant deviation surface, as it may be skewed.Do not choose this kind of foundation, if the house is to be built with a basement or ground floor.

Different types of strip foundation

Perhaps this is the most common type of foundation.It is used in the construction of almost all types of buildings and structures, especially in the private construction.a base parameters depend on the mass of soil structures and properties.Convenience is that the walls of solid foundations and can serve as basement walls or basement.

There are several types of tape base: assembly, rubble, solid and panel.All of them make the various technologies, but common is that they resemble tape lying on the ground.That is, this solid base with no gaps.It is necessary to dwell on each of them.

Precast continuous footing made of concrete blocks that hold each other.They are very heavy, so the required lifting equipment for the construction.For this purpose, a width producing concrete structures 300, 400 and 600 mm.Before the construction of the foundation make the device 10 cm. Of concrete preparation.Already it lay the first row of blocks.Between themselves, the elements bonded by pouring the solution into technological slots available on each product.The second row is placed on the first for a solution like masonry.This ligation and observed in every corner.Joints promazyvayut solution.

case of insufficient bearing capacity of soil under a foundation made of special support from the foundation blocks that come in widths from 800 to 2800 mm with 200 mm increments.Using a block of precast strip foundation is impractical to do in homes where there is a ground floor, since the joints will freeze.Either you need to produce high quality, and therefore expensive, waterproofing.

Another type of strip foundation - a quarry.Its use is permissible for the construction of buildings up to 2 floors.Pour into a foundation trench vraspor to the walls.At the bottom of the stack of compacted rubble stones measuring 25 - 30 cm. The intervals between them is filled with gravel, compacted rammer, after that it all poured concrete solution.Above ground a foundation should rise by 15 cm and a width greater than the width of the walls.The sole of such foundations is 60 cm wide for normal soil. If the soil is loose and has a low density, the area should be further increased.

monolithic strip foundations poured entirely of cement mortar, which includes cement, sand, gravel and water.Usually it takes three parts sand to one part cement.The bottom of the trench is filled and tamped rubble.Thereafter, the solution was poured.Over the aboveground part of erecting formwork made of wooden boards.The width of the foundation should also be larger than the width of the walls of the building.Solid bars are connected in order to avoid their differences.Inside formwork placed fittings associated with each other.Then, the entire volume of the formwork is filled with a solution to the desired height and level the top surface of the horizon.All the surface of the foundation should be waterproofed.

Today there is another new way of device strip foundation.It is applicable for wooden houses with basement.The building is used for foundation panel thickness of only 260 mm.They have a honeycomb structure, filled with insulation.The very concrete contains water-repellent additives, which makes unnecessary waterproofing.The manufacture of such panels is made to order for any type of structure.

Also, there are designs of foam, into which concrete is poured.This so-called permanent formwork.The foam is like to put on the foundation, which provides its thermal protection at a very high level.The advantage of this construction is also the fact that there is no need to construct the formwork.It is enough to put in a trench foam forms and fill them with concrete.On top of such designs shut finishing materials.Since the foam is very much afraid of sunlight, then it must be done as quickly as possible.

slab foundation

This type of foundation is a solid monolithic slabs of concrete.It is made in the event of a finding of high groundwater and soil types on weak with uneven compression.The slab is laid ready made at the factory, or pour it in a place with the use of scrap, rebar, wire, and similar things.For this purpose, the soil is removed to the underlying solid rock, bottom ram and covered with sand pit 5 -. 7 cm and then placed again tamped armature as evenly as possible, so that it does not rise above the upper level.Fill produced in a single step, it is desirable from a truck mixer.

slab foundation is very reliable, but its drawback is that it is impossible for him to arrange, even underground, not to mention the cellar.The advantage of this type of foundation is that it can be laid on the floor, arranging insulation and screed.There is no need for additional lags.

Pile foundations

types There are three types of pile foundations.All of them deepened into the ground to a great depth, and on top of foundation grills are interconnected to form a one-piece frame.The piles are driven stand-up or pressed into solid bedrock.In a particular construction of sufficient depth of 4 - 6 m. Hanging piles do not reach these layers and are driven into the compacted soil.Screw piles made of metal tubes having a screw at the end of a screw.They are in the ground does not drive in and screw like a screw.Usually, piles made from concrete or steel.The main drawback of pile foundation - is the need for piling equipment.This type of foundation only possible in permafrost soils and moving.

on any kind of foundation base satisfied.Walls already beginning to put to it.Most often made of brick plinth waterproofing.The plinth is always a little bit wider and longer walls of the foundation.The main function of the cap - protection walls from dampness and ventilation device in the basement.Furthermore, this design allows for floor joists to construct.Waterproofing of the basement in the case of vertical and horizontal.It provides protection against the ingress of moisture to the walls of the ground.

Knowing the characteristics of all types of foundations, can be fairly easy to choose the most suitable for your home.I should say that the most expensive types are solid foundations, as they require large amounts of material.Cheaper and other columnar screw pile, but they have limitations on the type of ground.Choosing one or another type of foundation, we must remember that it is the foundation of the building and the safety and durability of the entire structure depends on its quality.