Laying of stone with their hands

wishing to obtain basic construction skills, it is easiest to start with the development of the rubble stone masonry on the example of a stone fence at the cottage or a private house.Valuable experience and skills will be useful for arranging a farmstead - the construction of decorative fences, walls and hozpostroek in landscape design.

what is special masonry natural stone masonry

- just fence or wall made of natural or partially treated stone.Variegated stone, folded several rows or layers, sealed with cement mortar, special glue for facing stone or other binder mortars.Suitable pieces of gravel and large stone blocks of the desired size and shape is sometimes spread in the 2-3 range and without bond.

Masonry has several varieties:

• of bricks of different types;
• sides of the stone;
• mixed type of masonry;
• masonry rough stone - hewn and netёsanogo.

Looking at the pile of rubble irregular shape, novice do not understand how this material can get a beautiful natural stone masonry.However, because of his people in ancient times built the first fortifications, fences, houses and temples.Today it is the cheapest building material that can be assembled on site.Natural stone goes to the construction or improvement:

• foundation structures;
• fences and barriers;
• basements and cellars;
• outbuildings;
• supporting walls and partitions;
• waterworks;
• wall-shoring;
• communications (sewer and hydro);
• garden buildings and fences;
• base for a barbecue.

For any installation method, stone fence, or other carefully laid out by a stone fence looks quite attractive.

To use illustrative material and explanations, it is important to learn a few terms used by masons:

• bed (wide base);
• stretcher (sidewall);
• poke (butt);
• outer and inner mile;
• back filling;
• facade;
• joints horizontal and vertical;
• stretcher (chain) and bonder series (short side) - see Figure masonry.

Cooking stone for laying

collected or delivered to the construction site of the stone is sorted by size and shape.Preferably do stone masonry equal mass, but typically suitable natural material to 30 kg.The stone has a shape approximating a parallelogram, deposited separately - the material on the corners.Larger blocks - the lower ranks and the formation of dressings.

Quarry stone is different in terms of strength.Under the "rubble" is meant a natural stone of any shape, fit and chopped pieces of rock formations.Suitable for laying small bottles, within 100 - 500 mm, or that can be transferred.The larger cobblestone crushed into pieces up to 300 mm.For masonry fits:

• granite;
• sandstone;
• limestone;
• tuff;
• dolomite;
• coquina (coquina different density, crushed and sliced).

stones selected with the expectation that it was possible to stack rows.The combination of the shape and size of the material is no less important for the laying of stone with their hands - they should be in harmony and create an aesthetic pattern.Formation of masonry made by certain principles to get a solid foundation vertical plane, rather than a chaotic jumble.Correct masonry rubble - upper bounds of horizontal or sloping towards the middle of the wall is being built, which is important for proper load distribution.

layers of large stones and smaller must alternate and fill the voids smaller material to avoid cracks in the masonry.To fill the voids are selected small stones, the rest is filled with "putty".This composition of clay and fine crushed stone, its advance is prepared to work.

before laying the stone is cleaned of fine crumbs and moistened for better grip.When a suitable stone was laid in the correct position, it is placed under the small triangular stones as backups, so they must be on hand.Each layer starts from the corner stones meet, reinforcing rod made between the rows.The last row align carefully and fill in the binder mixture.

best material for masonry - hewn or split, the relevant forms that give relatively flat front surface.It is a major building material split in different ways.Excess tapering removed to obtain a suitable geometric shape.Masonry of hollow stones is done similarly, but without further elaboration.

to rubble will need tools:

• hammer;
• sledgehammer;
• trowel;
• metal and wooden tamper.

Several ways to break up the stone laying

Attention: Carrying out work on stone chopping, be sure to protect your hands with work gloves, face glasses household use respirator dense robe, high boots, you can wear a mask for welding.There should be a number of casual viewers.In any case, keep a first aid kit on hand, since the material is very strong, will have to make efforts.Make sure that the tool does not jump off!

• Booth split a chisel and hammer.In the land of small hollow recess for the stone - in order to avoid rebound.Sharp and strong strike movement in the center with a sledgehammer.If there is no result - repeated blows to the same point.Strong lump can be flipped and try again.Sharp splinters, after splitting the stone should obbit hammer.
• Booth smash with a hammer.If there is no suitable tool, your regular heavy hammer on a short handle.Chisel selected carbide-tipped, able to withstand the load.The entire scheme is the same action as described above, but can be moved more chisel and circumferentially to the first fracture.Usually, it is missing 5-10 sharp blows, but it all depends on the density of the stone.
• Close cobblestone crack the hardest, but the process is similar to the previous - the stone split in deepening a chisel.Hammer blows are applied to the first signs of a split.
• can try to operate the power, but it is important to calculate the possible load and choose a reliable attachment.After breaking wedges at different locations using a diamond blade grinders.

Tip: When using a sledgehammer more important than the impact force and precision and proper retention tool.Stay needed towards the end of the handle, and it will give more power to strike, than retention in heavy nabalbeshnika.

• last way - to break a large cobblestone dynamite, but here you need experience, equipment and distance from the village.These studies rely on professionals.

«dry" and "wet" stone masonry

Builders practice "wet" and "dry" clutch, using a solution based on:

• construction adhesive;
• sand-cement mixture;
• kneading clay.

hewn stone of the same size is better to put on the 2-3 level, without any solution with a careful fitting of each block, respectively, form the adjacent material.

Garden and park fence in dry stone masonry look very natural, especially if the back side covered with earth for the similarity of natural terraces.Stone gradually overgrown shoots and get the picturesque landscape, reminiscent of the ruins of an ancient fortress or castle.

In the "dry" laying only a large stone of arbitrary shape, close to the cube.More important, not only adjustment of each stone to each other, but the construction and calibration of the material to form a wall width and height.If the stone fence filling is done under the ground on the back side, it is important to align only the front surface - with a plumb.Likewise, you can make low laying ceramic stone.

The largest stones are placed on the lower level, but the Rows necessarily respected, both in the wet clutch.This work is a bit like pazlovoe compound fragments, and nothing more dry masonry no different.Voids or seams between Booth and stone blocks can be filled with compacted soil, if it is laying low in a garden border or flower bed fencing.The bottom row of stones sometimes partially digged into the earth, like a foundation.

For buildings more than half the height of the wet clutch is used only on the basis of one of the varieties of binder solution.If natural stone is used for low hedges in agricultural buildings of mixed type, for example, as a basis of adobe masonry, it is also possible to bind the clay mixture with the addition of dry cement.This ensures that clutch durability and stability.

Important: Sea sand stone masonry solution is not recommended to mix.Preference is given to a well-sifted river sand - it has the best performance for the clutch and mixing, does not produce salt.

Application Method

By way of styling long, short and short sides of the building or finishing material depends on the general form of the masonry, and the strength of the structure.The main task - to move the vertical seams in order to avoid cracks in the masonry:

• rubble concrete;
• large-block and building block;
• lightweight;.
• decorative etc.

However, in any method of work, masonry must meet the basic requirements:

• stability;
• durability;
• reliability;
• solidity;
• aesthetics;
• resistance to mechanical stress.

simplest laying of artificial stone and brick - each other blocks are set wide faces (beds).Brick spread stretcher and tychkovymi rows, depending on which side he is on the front side of the wall.This is important for the strength of the dressing series.

traditional masonry stretcher series is bandaging - where there was a vertical seam of the previous row, there is placed above the gray brick, block or stone.Often used and other rows:

1. English ligation, where a brick poking series alternating with rows of stretcher - photo.

2. American ligation where bonder series 4-7 lozhkovyh survey again ranks that the seams were mixed.

3. Flemish ligation, which goes through a series of alternating perpender and stretcher-type stacking bricks.

However, natural stone is usually not the same size and any shape, so to comply with these types of masonry dressing is not so simple.Skilled masons skillfully combine principles of various types of packing, picking up bottles with a poke (short side) and long (spoons).In the back filling (rubble), it is still important to respect Rows and alternating vertical joints to get something similar chain ligation.Angles spread so that the long side of the stone turns left in one wall, then another wall.

easiest way to comply with Rows and alternating vertical joints when laying the cut stone, for example, limestone or sandstone.It is a natural material with a large content of calcium, caused by underwater compact relic shells, it is eco-friendly, it has a low thermal conductivity.His cut blocks, like brick, coquina therefore convenient to install.And in the rubble lower tensile strength, as irregularly shaped stones are touching each other at several points, rather than flat.Here much depends on the quality and craftsmanship of the solution adheres stacker.

Masonry is different complexity, which are assumed to be:

• shaped protrusions and voluminous bulge;
• belts (several protruding horizontal rows);
• rifles (on the facade of the smaller thickness of masonry);
• overlaps (fragment of masonry with protruding from the wall next to the total);
• ledges (front fragment of the wall goes in the opposite direction);
• indent (masonry temporarily cut off, vertical or "ubezhnye");
• niche (half the thickness of the masonry, and more).

Thus, a special decorative effect is achieved, rather than just a solid stone wall.Often indent with a gradual decrease of the round shape is mounted forged metal grid - turns out very effective hedge manor.

technology rubble

rubble also placed "under Gulf" and "under the shoulder blade."

1. The first series of often little added dropwise, and laid the dry method, compacting gravel, then everything is filled with a liquid solution until all voids are filled.Further ranks fasten thick solution to fill the voids, keeping the dressing.Be sure to make the intermediate horizontal seam.Each stone dozhzhen fit the adjacent blocks, and vertical seam necessarily overlap the top row of stone.If the image is large enough void in the joints and between the rows, can be filled with stones, or simply filling props.Load-bearing walls and pillars spread only in a manner respecting the Rows, dressing and rasschebenku.

2. Sometimes doing masonry with vibration compaction, adding strength - without mortar spread 1st row, scoring the rubble of emptiness.Then pour the solution and to seal masonry building set vibrator until all the solution will not enter into the masonry.Next comes the usual masonry "under the shoulder blade," and all is sealed again.This is possible where dense soils do not give a drawdown, and the base wall trenched, the formwork can be used.

3. Laying "on the Gulf" for natural stone with a torn surface without sorting, starting with the bookmarks in the trench, like a foundation.This is done without the formwork for smooth vertical walls.Under the tightly packed stone is rasschebenka and poured a liquid solution, which covers the rocks with a surplus on top and then a new layer of stones is laid.

4. «Cyclopean" masonry looks more decorative, thanks to cobble together a stone wall which gives a peculiar pattern.Masonry is made convex seams within 5 cm jointing - photos.

Tip: In any type of masonry verticality check its level, especially in the corners.It is desirable between the rows of reinforced wall.The smoothness of laying check the cord, stretched between stakes, and if you need a semi-circular masonry, it is marked with stakes along the radial layout from one point.